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Indonesian invasion of East Timor
The Indonesian invasion of East Timor began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism. The overthrow of a popular and briefly Fretilin-led government sparked a violent quarter-century occupation in which between approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians (up to one-third of the population) are estimated to have been killed or starved.〔(East Timor truth commission finds U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" ) The National Security Archive, 24 January 2006〕〔Taylor, p. 71〕 Most died in the first three years of the occupation.
During the first months of the occupation, the Indonesian military faced heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977–1978, the military procured new advanced weaponry from the United States, Australia, and other countries, to destroy Fretilin's framework.〔Taylor, p. 84〕 However, the last two decades of the century saw continuous clashes between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor, until 1999, when the East Timorese voted for independence in a United Nations Mission in East Timor referendum.
==Background==
East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of Timor, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to the fact that it was colonised by the Portuguese, not the Dutch (an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915).〔Ramos-Horta, p. 18〕 Colonial rule was replaced by the Japanese during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000, or 13 percent of the entire population at the time. Following the war, the Dutch East Indies secured its independence as the independent Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese, meanwhile, re-established control over East Timor.
When East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in December 1975, "it had few prior links to the rest of the archipelago. As a former Portuguese colony, it lacked a shared colonial experience with other regions."〔Bertrand, p. 136〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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